| 翻訳と辞書 |
| Qing conquest theory ： ウィキペディア英語版 |
Qing conquest theory
The Qing conquest theory is a theory proposed by Chinese academics that attempts to explain the Great Divergence, the process by which the Occident overtook China as the major economic and industrial world power. Specifically, it seeks to explain how Europe could experience an industrial revolution, while China did not. Theory supporters claim that, although the prosperous Song and Ming Dynasties moved China toward a modern age, the restrictions placed on commerce and industry and the persecution of non-orthodox thought following the Manchu conquest of China caused the country to stagnate and fall behind the west.
==Background==
Carl Dahlman and Jean-Eric Aubert of the World Bank argue, based on Angus Maddison's data, that China was the world's largest and most advanced economy for the most of the past two millennia, and among the wealthiest and most advanced economies until the eighteenth century.〔Dahlman, Carl J; Aubert, Jean-Eric. China and the Knowledge Economy: Seizing the 21st Century. WBI Development Studies. World Bank Publications. Accessed January 30, 2008〕 Sinologist Joseph Needham has claimed that China's Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per capita exceeded Europe by a substantial margin from the fifth century BCE onwards, while economic historian Angus Maddison believes this did not happen until the fall of the Roman Empire. During the Song Dynasty (960–1279), the country experienced a revolution in agriculture, water transport, finance, urbanization, science and technology, which drastically increased GDP per capita even further. China experienced an economic revolution during the Song Dynasty in which the economy became proto-industrialized and experienced large increases in industrial and agricultural output. At the same time, overseas and domestic trade increased, along with the use of currency. Some scholars have termed this phenomenon China's "medieval urban revolution".
Although China suffered large population loss and a devastated economy during the Mongol conquest, the succeeding Ming Dynasty brought economic growth, with per capita incomes and economic output surpassing its highest point during the Song Dynasty. Late Ming laissez-faire policies such as non-intervention in markets and low taxes further stimulated commerce and trade. During the Ming, the Chinese economy became very commercialized as market agriculture replaced subsistence farming. Wage labor became increasingly common as large-scale private industry developed, displacing and often buying out government workshops. Historian Robert Allen estimates that family incomes and labor productivity of the Ming-era Yangtze delta region, the richest province of China, was far higher than contemporary Europe and exceeded the later Qing Dynasty.〔, figure 2〕
In addition to being a period of wealth and economic growth, the late Ming dynasty also brought intellectual fervor and liberalization. New thinkers such as Wang Yangming and Li Zhi challenged orthodox Confucianism, arguing that the words of Confucius and Mencius were fallible and that wisdom was universal; they also questioned government power over the economy and personal rights.〔 Scholars of the Donglin school protested increases in government taxation during the Wanli Emperor and restrictions on freedom of speech, advocating a program similar to Classical liberalism.〔 Ming scholars also adopted western science, including that of Archimedes.〔 Additional scientific advancement also flourished during the late Ming.〔 Supporters of the Qing conquest theory contend that the economic and social developments during the late Ming paralleled the development of Europe in the 18th and 19th centuries and would have allowed China to enter a modern age, but was halted by the Manchu conquest and subsequent Qing Dynasty.〔〔
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
■ウィキペディアで「Qing conquest theory」の詳細全文を読む
スポンサード リンク
| 翻訳と辞書 : 翻訳のためのインターネットリソース |
Copyright(C) kotoba.ne.jp 1997-2016. All Rights Reserved.
|
|